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Galvanized Yankees was a term from the American Civil War denoting former Confederate prisoners of war who swore allegiance to the United States and joined the Union Army. Approximately 5,600 former Confederate soldiers enlisted in the "United States Volunteers", organized into six regiments of infantry between January 1864 and November 1866. Of those, more than 250 had begun their service as Union soldiers, were captured in battle, then enlisted in prison to join a regiment of the Confederate States Army. They surrendered to Union forces in December 1864 and were held by the United States as deserters, but were saved from prosecution by being enlisted in the 5th and 6th U.S. Volunteers.〔 An additional 800 former Confederates served in volunteer regiments raised by the states, forming ten companies. Four of those companies saw combat in the Western Theater against the Confederate Army, two served on the western frontier, and one became an independent company of U.S. Volunteers, serving in Minnesota. The term "galvanized" has also been applied to former Union soldiers enlisting in the Confederate Army,〔 including the use of "galvanized Yankees" to designate them.〔 At least 1,600 former Union prisoners of war enlisted in Confederate service in late 1864 and early 1865, most of them recent German or Irish immigrants who had been drafted into Union regiments.〔Speer (1997), P. 219〕 The practice of recruiting from prisoners of war began in 1862 at Camp Douglas at Chicago, Illinois, with attempts to enlist Confederate prisoners who expressed reluctance to exchange following their capture at Fort Donelson. Some 228 prisoners of mostly Irish extraction were enlisted by Col. James A. Mulligan before the War Department banned further recruitment March 15.〔Brown (1963), pp. 55-56〕〔Among the 228 was journalist Henry Morton Stanley.〕 The ban continued until the fall of 1863, except for a few enlistments of foreign-born Confederates into largely ethnic regiments. Three factors led to a resurrection of the concept: an outbreak of the American Indian Wars by tribes in Minnesota and on the Great Plains; the disinclination of paroled but not exchanged Federal troops to be used to fight them; and protests of the Confederate government that any use of paroled troops in Indian warfare was a violation of the Dix-Hill prisoner of war cartel.〔Brown (1963), pp. 61-64〕〔The Lincoln Administration wished to avoid any legal wrangles over the prisoner cartel that might be construed as recognition of the Confederacy as a legitimate government.〕 Gen. Gilman Marston, commandant of the huge prisoner of war camp at Point Lookout, Maryland, recommended that Confederate prisoners be enlisted in the U.S. Navy, which Secretary of War Edwin Stanton approved December 21. General Benjamin Butler's jurisdiction included Point Lookout, and he advised Stanton that more prisoners could be recruited for the Army than the Navy. The matter was then referred to President Lincoln, who gave verbal authorization on January 2, 1864, and formal authorization on March 5 to raise the 1st United States Volunteer Infantry for three years' service without restrictions as to use.〔Brown (1963), pp. 65-67〕 On April 17, 1864, General Ulysses S. Grant ordered suspension of all prisoner exchanges because of disputes over the cartel, ending any hope of long-held Confederate prisoners for early release.〔''The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant,'' Vol. 10: January 1 - May 31, 1864, pp. 301-302.〕 On September 1, Lincoln approved 1,750 more Confederate recruits in order to bolster his election chances in Pennsylvania, enough to form two more regiments, to be sent to the frontier to fight American Indians.〔Brown (1963), pp. 11-14〕〔Pennsylvania was the home state of Lincoln's opponent General George B. McClellan, and the request was by a Pennsylvania delegation offering to pay the bounties in return for the state receiving the credit against its allocation.〕 Due to doubts about their ultimate loyalty, galvanized Yankees in federal service were generally assigned to garrison forts far from the Civil War battlefields or in action against Indians in the west. However, desertion rates among the units of galvanized Yankees were little different from those of state volunteer units in Federal service.〔Brown (1963), p. 2〕〔Brown quotes the 1928 study by Ella Lonn ''Desertion During the Civil War'' which found that desertion rates among the state regiments was 13-percent, while that of the six U.S.V.I. regiments was 14-percent.〕 The final two regiments of U.S. Volunteers were recruited in the spring of 1865 to replace the 2nd and 3rd U.S.V.I., which had been enlisted as one-year regiments. Galvanized troops of the U.S. Volunteers on the frontier served as far west as Camp Douglas, Utah; as far south as Fort Union, New Mexico; and as far north as Fort Benton, Montana.〔Three companies of the 6th U.S.V.I. were posted to Camp Douglas; Company H, 5th U.S.V.I. escorted a wagon train to Fort Union; and a detachment of 10 men of Company H, 1st U.S.V.I. under Lt. Cyrus L. Hutchins traveled by steamboat on May 12, 1865 to Fort Benton to control trade between there and another post at the mouth of the Yellowstone River. (Brown 1963, pp. 67, 91, 205)〕 ==Origin of term== The National Park Service describes the origin of the expression "Galvanized Yankee" in a bulletin published in 1992 for visitors to the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial: The term "galvanized" is most commonly associated with metal when it is coated with zinc to protect it from corrosion. In the process the surface color of the metal is altered, but underneath the coating the steel is unchanged. During the Civil War, in both Northern and Southern prison camps, soldiers sometimes decided to "galvanize," or change sides, to save themselves from the horrors of prison life. Like the metal, these galvanized soldiers in many cases were still "Good old Rebels," or "Billy Yanks," underneath their adopted uniforms. The expression "galvanized Yankees" sprang up as a term of deprecation among Confederate prisoners for those who chose to enlist.〔Butts (2005), "Trading Gray for Blue"〕 At the same time, the use of "white-washed Rebels" as a reference came into being among Federal state regiments stationed on the frontier at the time when the 1st U.S.V.I. arrived. Dee Brown cites documentation from March and April 1865 indicating that the term was first used to characterize captured Federals who turned Confederate.〔 The general use of "galvanized Yankees" originated in a story in the ''Springfield Republican'' (Springfield, Massachusetts) on May 25, 1865 by Samuel Bowles, who wrote: Among the present limited number of troops on the Plain are two regiments of infantry, all from the rebel army. They have cheerfully re-enlisted into the federal service. They are known in the army as "white-washed rebs," or as they call themselves, "galvanized Yankees."〔Brown (1963), p. 9〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Galvanized Yankees」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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